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title_diff: "[{\"diffs\":[[1,\"文章 什么是光刻技术，为什么对芯片制造至关重要？\"]],\"start1\":0,\"start2\":0,\"length1\":0,\"length2\":24}]"
body_diff: "[{\"diffs\":[[1,\"<html>\\\r\\\n<head>\\\r\\\n  <title>文章: 什么是光刻技术，为什么对芯片制造至关重要？</title>\\\r\\\n  <basefont face=\\\"微软雅黑\\\" size=\\\"2\\\" />\\\r\\\n  <meta http-equiv=\\\"Content-Type\\\" content=\\\"text/html;charset=utf-8\\\" />\\\r\\\n  <meta name=\\\"exporter-version\\\" content=\\\"YXBJ Windows/608924 (zh-CN, DDL); Windows/10.0.0 (Win64); EDAMVersion=V2;\\\"/>\\\r\\\n  <meta name=\\\"application-data:ANDROID_CLIP_TYPE\\\" content=\\\"full_and_local\\\"/>\\\r\\\n  <style>\\\r\\\n\\tbody, td {\\\r\\\n\\t  font-family: 微软雅黑;\\\r\\\n\\t  font-size: 12pt;\\\r\\\n\\t}\\\r\\\n  </style>\\\r\\\n</head>\\\r\\\n<body>\\\r\\\n<a name=\\\"7318\\\"></a>\\\r\\\n<h1>文章: 什么是光刻技术，为什么对芯片制造至关重要？</h1>\\\r\\\n\\\r\\\n<div>\\\n<span><div style=\\\"font-size: 16px\\\"><div style=\\\"text-size-adjust: 100%; font-size: 16px;\\\"><div style=\\\"padding-top: 60px;\\\"><div style=\\\"max-width: 740px; height: 35px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 16px 16px 0px;\\\"><div style=\\\"font-size: 16px; height: 35px;\\\"><br/></div></div><h1 style=\\\"font-size: 24px; margin: 17px 1.0625rem; max-width: 740px; padding: 0px;\\\"><a href=\\\"http://www.zhihu.com/question/327660899/answer/703996262\\\" style=\\\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 24px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; text-decoration: none;\\\">什是光刻技术，为什么对芯片制造至关重要？</a></h1><div style=\\\"max-width: 740px; margin: 17px 1.0625rem; font-size: 14px;\\\"><div style=\\\"float:left;margin:0.53125rem 0.53125rem 0.53125rem 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 14px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 0;\\\">2019 年 6 月 3 日 21:27</span></div><div style=\\\"float:left;margin:0.53125rem 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 14px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 0;\\\">来自：litho-worldnormal</span></div></div></div><div style=\\\"word-break: break-word; clear: left; overflow: hidden; max-width: 740px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px 1.0625rem; font-size: 18px;\\\"><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">光刻是将掩模版上的图形转移到涂有光致抗蚀剂（或称光刻胶）的硅片上，通过一系列生产步骤将硅片表面薄膜的特定部分除去的一种图形转移技术。光刻技术是借用照相技术、平板印刷技术的基础上发展起来的半导体关键工艺技术。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">通俗易懂的说，集成电路制造，是要在几平方厘米的面积上，成批的制造出数以亿计的器件，而每个器件结构的也相当复杂，如图1所示。打个比方，这个规模相当于在一根头发丝的横截面积上制造几十上百万个这样的晶体管。有些类似于印刷术或者照相的技术，首选需要一个模具，然后想办法将模具上的图形结构转移到旋涂有光刻胶的基底上。然而由于要做的晶体管结构相当小，只有借用“无孔不入”的光来实现这一功能，这就是光刻技术，字面理解，就是用光来“雕刻”。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 2.125rem 0px; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0px;\\\"><div><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\"><img src=\\\":/2d25969b847d454ab7d41c29e7897e6b\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"47881f0a02bdf2d990dd479f01f8cb48.jpg\\\"/></span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 0px 0px 2.125rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;\\\"></div></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">想象一下照相，物体反射的光线经过镜头，投影在底片上，然后底片上的感光材料发生变化，从而将物体“转移”到底片上，这是一个成像过程。光刻也类似，如图2所示，光源发出的光线照射在掩模版（前文说的模具）上，出射的光线已经携带了掩模版上的图形信息。掩模版就是在透明的基底（石英）上绘制出需要制作的图形结构，有图形的地方是透明的，没有图形的地方是遮光（金属铬）的，也可以反过来。携带掩模版图形信息的光线照射在旋涂有感光材料（光刻胶）的基底上，这一过程称为曝光，受到照射的位置光刻胶性质会发生改变，使其能够溶于碱性或者酸性溶液，这一过程称为显影。通过曝光和显影，掩模版上的图形就被转移到了光刻胶上，然后经过后续刻蚀或者薄膜淀积等工艺再将光刻胶上的图形转移到基底上。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 2.125rem 0px; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0px;\\\"><div><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\"><img src=\\\":/64968a7e8a5349bc984f8788f32c76cd\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"e1561a725e2aab9282df12aa11be79da.jpg\\\"/></span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 0px 0px 2.125rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;\\\"></div></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">根据曝光方式的不同，光刻机主要分为3种，接触式，接近式以及投影式，如图3所示。接触式光刻机是最简单的光刻机，曝光时，掩模压在涂有光刻胶的晶圆片上，优点是设备简单，分辨率高，没有衍射效应，缺点是掩模版与涂有光刻胶的晶圆片直接接触，每次接触都会在晶圆片和掩模版上产生缺陷，降低掩模版使用寿命，成品率低，不适合大规模生产。接近式光刻机掩模版与光刻胶间隔10~50μm，所以缺陷大大减少，优点是避免晶圆片与掩模直接接触，缺陷少，缺点是分辨率下降，存在衍射效应。而现今硅片光学曝光最主要的方法是投影式曝光，一般光学系统将掩模版上的图像缩小4x或5x倍，聚焦并与硅片上已有的图形对准后曝光，每次曝光一小部分，曝完一个图形后，硅片移动到下一个曝光位置继续对准曝光，这种方法有接触式的分辨率，但不产生缺陷。实际光刻机中的曝光系统复杂的多，如图4所示。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 2.125rem 0px; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0px;\\\"><div><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\"><img src=\\\":/4d8ce5c8f95e48579085c705ea4bf91b\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"e2bd05470a4405c7291a6073d1e6e05b.jpg\\\"/></span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 0px 0px 2.125rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;\\\"></div></div><div style=\\\"margin: 2.125rem 0px; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0px;\\\"><div><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\"><img src=\\\":/b82853153da94210b1e940951301e644\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"4bf3ba63807cbca6a4edd45a130ca49b.jpg\\\"/></span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 0px 0px 2.125rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;\\\"></div></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">上面简述了光刻工艺的流程，在实际工艺中，一个芯片的产生要经历几十次光刻才能完成，有些结构层甚至需要多次光刻才能形成。光刻是芯片制造的核心，是IC制造的最关键步骤，在主流的微电子制造过程中，光刻是最复杂、昂贵和关键的工艺，其成本约占整个硅片加工成本的三分之一甚至更多。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">说道芯片制造，不得不说摩尔定律，摩尔定律是由英特尔创始人之一戈登·摩尔于1965年提出来的。其内容为：集成电路上可容纳的电晶体（晶体管）数目，约每隔24个月便会增加一倍；经常被引用的“18个月”，是由英特尔首席执行官大卫·豪斯所说：预计18个月会将芯片的性能提高一倍（即更多的晶体管使其更快）。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">摩尔定律的推动下，为了更高的新能，更低的功耗以及更低的成本，用于光刻的光源波长从436nm（G线，汞灯），405nm（H线，汞灯），365nm（I线，汞灯），248nm（DUV，汞灯KrF准分子激光），193nm（DUV，ArF），157nm（未使用），到目前最先进的13.5nm（EUV）。157nm的光源并未实际使用，而是由193nm浸没式光刻所替代（利用水的折射率大于空气的原理，如图5所示）。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 2.125rem 0px; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0px;\\\"><div><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\"><img src=\\\":/af2f8b4d0b0c43aca9155b2331f56a98\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"2a2d1e82f85738cb41ff50f6fbb984f2.jpg\\\"/></span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 0px 0px 2.125rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;\\\"></div></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">之所以要不断缩小波长，就是要提高光刻分辨率，光刻分辨率，就是指能清晰分辨出硅片上相隔很近的特征图形的能力，公式是R=kλ/NA，其中k代表工艺因子，λ表示波长，NA表示曝光系统的数值孔径。可以看出，要提高光刻分辨率，需要减小光源波长，或者增大数值孔径。光刻机曝光波长与透镜数值孔径发展趋势如下表所示，193nm波长干式光刻机的极限数值孔径为0.93，之后采取浸没式光刻，数值孔径增加到1.35。分辨率高了，做的结构体积就越小，性能和功耗自然就会改善，最重要的是，成本会更低（简单的理解，同样大小的硅晶圆上，可以生产更多的芯片）</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 2.125rem 0px; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0px;\\\"><div><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\"><img src=\\\":/35e070ad66434b2dbdb3ed8c36945499\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"79985c9e8fc506ec9410a791fcea43bc.jpg\\\"/></span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 0px 0px 2.125rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;\\\"></div></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">摩尔定律的驱使下，芯片器件尺寸不断缩小，对工艺的要求越来越高，最大的瓶颈就是分辨率的提高，而光刻机的发展逐渐跟不上节奏了，更小波长的光刻机难以制造，因此出现了一系列分辨率增强技术，例如离轴照明、多级光源，光学临近效应修正，移相掩模，光源掩模协同优化，多重曝光，自对准多重光刻技术等，这些技术的出现，将摩尔定律硬生生延续了下来，当然，也有人在研究光刻技术的替代技术，例如纳米压印，DSA等。</span></div><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">来源：知乎 www.zhihu.com</span></div><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">作者：</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><a href=\\\"http://www.zhihu.com/people/litho-world?utm_campaign=rss&amp;utm_medium=rss&amp;utm_source=rss&amp;utm_content=author\\\" style=\\\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 18px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; text-decoration: underline;\\\">litho-world</a></div><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">【知乎日报】千万用户的选择，做朋友圈里的新鲜事分享大牛。</span></div><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><a href=\\\"http://daily.zhihu.com/?utm_source=rssyanwenzi&amp;utm_campaign=tuijian&amp;utm_medium=rssnormal\\\" style=\\\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 18px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; text-decoration: underline;\\\">点击下载</a></div><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 18px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7;\\\">延伸阅读：</span></div><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><a href=\\\"http://www.zhihu.com/question/278220260?utm_campaign=rss&amp;utm_medium=rss&amp;utm_source=rss&amp;utm_content=title\\\" style=\\\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 18px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; text-decoration: underline;\\\">我们造不出好芯片，是不是因为我们造不出顶级光刻机？</a></div><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p><div style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"><a href=\\\"http://www.zhihu.com/question/20584576?utm_campaign=rss&amp;utm_medium=rss&amp;utm_source=rss&amp;utm_content=title\\\" style=\\\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 18px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; text-decoration: underline;\\\">半导体厂商如何做芯片的出厂测试？</a></div><p style=\\\"margin: 1.2rem 0px; padding: 0px;\\\"></p></div><div style=\\\"position:relative;width:100%;max-width:740px;box-sizing:border-box;background-image:url('https://www.flipboard.cn/articles/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zhihu.com%2Fquestion%2F327660899%2Fanswer%2F703996262?section_id=flipboard%2Fcurator%252Fmagazine%252FtbwVdOcdQnaFo2_Au0qBqg%253Am%253A1969133146&quot;http://cdn.flipchina.cn/static-cover/publisher-card/arts.jpeg&quot;');background-position:center center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;\\\"><div style=\\\"padding:0px 1rem;background-color:rgba(73, 73, 73, 0.8);user-select:none;\\\"><div style=\\\"display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;flex-flow:row nowrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:1.75rem 0px;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);\\\"><div><span style=\\\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; line-height: 1.15;\\\"><img src=\\\":/502614e5d42c4124913897c333230ada\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"f7afd85c507c34b80b6e905d03ea408e.jpg\\\"/></span></div><div style=\\\"-webkit-box-flex:1;flex:1 1 0%;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:center;justify-content:center;\\\"><h3 style=\\\"margin: 0px; font-size: 16px;\\\"><span style=\\\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, SimSun, sans-serif; line-height: 1.15;\\\">知乎每日精选</span></h3><div style=\\\"margin-top: 0.5rem; 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