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body_diff: "[{\"diffs\":[[1,\"<html>\\\r\\\n<head>\\\r\\\n  <title>​晶圆代工争霸战四部曲(了解各晶圆厂的前世今生，非常详细！建议收藏！)</title>\\\r\\\n  <basefont face=\\\"微软雅黑\\\" size=\\\"2\\\" />\\\r\\\n  <meta http-equiv=\\\"Content-Type\\\" content=\\\"text/html;charset=utf-8\\\" />\\\r\\\n  <meta name=\\\"exporter-version\\\" content=\\\"YXBJ Windows/608924 (zh-CN, DDL); Windows/10.0.0 (Win64); EDAMVersion=V2;\\\"/>\\\r\\\n  <style>\\\r\\\n\\tbody, td {\\\r\\\n\\t  font-family: 微软雅黑;\\\r\\\n\\t  font-size: 12pt;\\\r\\\n\\t}\\\r\\\n  </style>\\\r\\\n</head>\\\r\\\n<body>\\\r\\\n<a name=\\\"13347\\\"></a>\\\r\\\n<h1>​晶圆代工争霸战四部曲(了解各晶圆厂的前世今生，非常详细！建议收藏！)</h1>\\\r\\\n\\\r\\\n<div>\\\n<span><div style=\\\"margin:0px;\\\"><div style=\\\"padding:8px 0px;margin:8px auto;max-width:700px;\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;position:relative;padding:20px 15px 15px;background-color:#fff\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0\\\"><h2 style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;margin-bottom:10px;font-weight:400;font-size:24px\\\">​晶圆代工争霸战四部曲(了解各晶圆厂的前世今生，非常详细！建议收藏！)</h2><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;margin-bottom:18px;font-size:0\\\"><em style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;font-style:normal;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:16px;color:#8c8c8c\\\">2017-05-14</em><em style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;font-style:normal;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:16px;color:#8c8c8c\\\">lynn1205</em><a href=\\\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA4ODMwNTMxNg==&amp;mid=2651153511&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=d78d53db69f8df7fb4cb64e27d2c0e7b&amp;chksm=8bddffacbcaa76ba6a22f23b8a3cae122ee84ce4b0457c407553348a35b53566fd0f341d53e9&amp;mpshare=1&amp;scene=1&amp;srcid=0515qU0KEYcA7rhOggMnPfVk#\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#607fa6;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:16px\\\">半导体行业观察</a></div><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;color:#3e3e3e\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><img src=\\\":/1bc3b0f9329446f18772d531fc8847a6\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;height:auto !important;width:555px\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:15px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(136,136,136);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14px;white-space:pre-wrap\\\">来源：本文选自中国台湾作者lynn1205的科技博客</span><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(136,136,136)\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px;white-space:pre-wrap;font-family:Calibri\\\">，谢谢。</span></span><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64);font-family:微软雅黑,sans-serif;font-size:16px;\\\"> </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64);font-family:微软雅黑,sans-serif;font-size:16px;\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:24px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">晶圆代工争霸战 第一篇： </strong></span></h1><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:24px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:20px\\\">半导体知识（前传）</span></strong></span></h1><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">（这一部分为基础知识，可以跳过）</span><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">现代科技不断革新，网路平台与云端运算背后，仰赖著上千台电脑伺服器相互连结；智慧型手机除了能登录网页与多样化的应用程式，未来更能支援扩增实境 (AR)、3D影像、支付等功能；除此之外还有感测元件、智慧家庭、穿戴式装置、自动车…。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">从电子商务、金融到医疗、法务，所有产业正面临著大规模的剧变。科技的浪潮提供更便利的社会，为人类生活带来了无限的可能；支撑这一切发展的基石，就是「半导体」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:15px\\\"><img src=\\\":/cd6946b154f446368efa861b2ad4ac8a\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"527\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"751\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">在全球经济体中，半导体相关产业每年带来的经济效益约是 7 兆美元；而在2012年，台湾半导体总产值突破 2 兆台币，跃居世界第 2 位、成为最大的产业群，就业人次高达18万。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">时常在报章杂志上听到半导体、晶圆、IC、纳米製程等名词，却又不甚了解意思？作为现代人，甚至作为台湾人，不可不知半导体。（按曰：十万青年十万肝，GG轮班救台湾）</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">本系列的 IC 产业地图，将以半导体相关知识作为系列首篇，介绍「晶圆代工」相关名词与各国间产业现况。并讨论各大厂间的竞合关系。</span></p></div><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">本系列的 IC 产业地图，将以半导体相关知识作为系列首篇，介绍「晶圆代工」相关名词与各国间产业现况。并讨论各大厂间的竞合关系。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);\\\"></p><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-bottom:1.1429em;font-size:2.1rem;font-family:Oswald,sans-serif;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;clear:both;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:21px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">什么是半导体？</strong></span></h2><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">半导体是导电性介于导体（金属）与绝缘体（陶瓷、石头）之间的物质，包括硅、锗。</span></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/6d399aeac2cf4b11a523014195eb5a40\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"221\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"569\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">利用半导体製作电子元件的目的在于：不像导体绝对导电、绝缘体完全不导电；藉由注入杂质，可以精准地调整半导体的导电性。由于硅拥有较大的能隙、可以有较大杂质掺杂范围，所以可以被利用来製作重要的半导体电子元件电晶体 (Transistor)。</span><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(255,153,0);font-family:inherit;font-size:15px;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\">由于发明了电晶体，这个年代成为人类科技文明进步最快的年代，电子技术与电脑工业才开始了长足的发展，堪称二十世纪最伟大的发明之一。</span><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">发明电晶体的萧克利 (Shockley)、巴丁 (Bardeen) 与布拉顿 (Brattain) 三位物理学家在1956年共同荣获诺贝尔奖。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/7084a4568cb244b3b84e696a03692b5b\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"227\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"555\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\">1956年，萧克利在旧金山南方成立萧克利半导体实验室 (Shockley Semiconductor Lab)，带动美国硅谷 (Silicon Valley) 的蓬勃发展，硅谷一名称系由半导体原料硅而来。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">讲到硅谷的发展成因与历史，绝对不能不提萧克利半导体实验室的影响。一个天才的创业会引来众多天才的投奔，因此当时一堆优秀人才趋之若鹜地跑到萧克利的实验室来；但后来因萧克利暴躁又疑神疑鬼的性格，又纷纷辞职离去，被萧克利怒称为「八叛徒」（The Traitorous Eight）。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">八位叛徒中，包括了诺伊斯 (Noyce)、摩尔 (Moore，就是摩尔定律的那个摩尔！) 等人，他们随后成立了快捷半导体 (Fairchild Semiconductor)，成为了第一家将硅电晶体商业化的公司。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">这家公司最重要不是它的产品、而是影响力——快捷可说是硅谷人才的摇篮，创始人和员工出来开的公司和投资的公司在湾区超过 130家上市企业，裡面包括了 Intel、AMD 等公司，市值达 21 万亿美元。对硅谷乃至当今时代的科技发展都有著不可或缺的影响和作用。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\"> </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">好啦此为后话不提，让我们回来看看硅谷发展一切的源头——电晶体到底是什么。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">电晶体的主要功能有两个：「放大信号」与「开关」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">电晶体就像是数位讯号的「收音机」──收音机的原理是将微弱的讯号放大、用喇叭发声出来，电晶体能将讯号的电流放大；而数位讯号是由0与1组成，1代表著电流「开」、0代表著电流「关」，电晶体以每秒超过 1千亿次的开关来运作，让电流以特定方式通过。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">这边让我们来简单谈谈电晶体的运作原理。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">电晶体由硅组成，而硅是 4 颗电子。在硅半导体中加入元素磷，具有 5 颗电子、比硅多一颗电子(-)变成 N 型电晶体 (Negative)。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">另外加入元素硼，具有 3 颗电子、 比硅少一颗电子(-)变成 P 型电晶体 (Positive) 。电晶体两端可以通电，称为「源极」和「汲极」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">由于P型和N型分别多了电子和少了电子，所以电晶体在 N 型和 P 型接起来的状态下电子不会流通，此时电流开关为「关」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/e860c57e663446bdb4f2609293fd19b2\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">为了达到开关的效果，我们使用第三个电极「闸极」(Gate) 取代机械按钮开关；闸极间以氧化层和半导体隔绝。若我们在闸极上方施以正电电压，让 N 型多出来的电子能够重新流通、并从源极流到汲极，此时电流开关为「开」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">上述即为半导体元件电晶体如何藉由加入杂质(磷、硼)来控制导电性、进而控制电流开关的原理。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">但是这数亿个电晶体在哪裡呢？你可能正在心想：「我手机有大到能放进数亿个电晶体？」</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">答案是：电晶体是纳米等级，比人体细胞还要小。三星以及台积电在先进半导体製程的 14 纳米与 16 纳米之争，14 纳米指的就是电晶体电流通道的宽度。宽度越窄、耗电量越低；然而原子的大小约为 0.1 纳米，14 纳米的通道仅能供一百多颗原子通过。故製作过程中只要有一颗原子缺陷、或者出现一丝杂质，就会影响产品的良率。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">对于半导体大厂而言，製程是技术，但良率才是其中的关键Know-how。一般能将良率维持在八成左右已经是非常困难的事情了，台积电与联电的製程良率可以达到九成五以上，可见台湾晶圆代工的技术水平。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">事实上，这数亿个电晶体，全部都塞在一个长宽约半公分、指甲大小的晶片上。这片晶片包含电晶体等电子元件，就叫做「集成电路」(Integrated Circuit, IC)，俗称IC。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/e1fb88966c8b4bd0a292e928a79eb78d\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"473\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"751\\\"/><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">所谓的大规模集成电路 (LSI, Large Scale Integration) 代表的不是这个电路板很大，而是上面约一万个电晶体；超大规模集成电路 (VLSI, Very Large Scale Integration) 则约有十万个电晶体。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\"> </span></p><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:2.1rem;font-style:inherit;white-space:normal;font-family:Oswald,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;clear:both;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:5px\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:21px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">集成电路是怎么制作出来的呢？</strong></span></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">在集成电路出现之前，工业界必须各自生产电晶体、二极体、电阻、电容等电子元件，再把所有元件连接起来做成电路，不但複杂又耗时费工。故若能直接依照设计图做出一整个电路板，将能更加精确、速度更快且成本更低。</span></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">德州仪器公司的基尔比 (Jack St. Clair Kilby) 是第一个想到要把元件放到晶片上集体化的发明人，在1958年他试验成功，开闢了一个崭新的电脑技术时代，甚至很多学者认为由集成电路所带来的数位革命是人类历史中最重要的事件。基尔比也因此于2000年获得诺贝尔物理奖。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\"> </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\">集成电路的制作过程分为以下步骤。</span></p><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">一. 建筑设计: IC设计 (CIRCUIT DESIGN)</strong></span></h3><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">如同在盖房子之前，建筑设计师必须画出设计图，规划房间分布、使用材料；在制作半导体晶片时，工程师会画出电路图 (Circuit Diagram)，规划一个晶片上应该要具备的功能 (包括算术逻辑、记忆功能、 浮点运算、 数据传输)、各个功能分布在晶片上的区域，与制作所需的电子元件。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">接下来，工程师会使用<span style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;\\\">硬体描述语言 (HDL) 将电路图描写出来</span>。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><img src=\\\":/21427ba371e34244a83fad35ac79396a\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"327\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"582\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:15px\\\">待确认无误后再将 HDL 程式码放入<span style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;\\\">电子设计自动化工具 (EDA tool)</span>，让电脑将程式码转换成电路图。</span></p><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">二.  建筑地基: 晶圆制造 (WAFER FOUNDRY)</strong></span></h3><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></h3><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">设计师设计完房子后，就需要将电路设计图交由建筑工人将房子盖出来。盖房子需要地基，制作晶片也要，安置所有电子元件的基板就是「晶圆」(Wafer)。</h3><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">首先，晶圆制造厂会将硅纯化、溶解成液态，再从中拉出柱状的硅晶柱，上面有一格一格的硅晶格，后续可供电晶体安置上去。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">也由于硅晶格的排列是安装电子元件的关键，「拉晶」的步骤非常重要──晶柱的制作过程就像是在做棉花糖一样，一边旋转一边成型，旋转拉起的速度以及温度的控制都会影响到晶柱的品质。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/09b3c9b0fa0a4308bfb01416f84b995e\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"267\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"575\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">接下来，晶圆厂会用钻石刀像切火腿一般，将一整条的晶柱切成一片片的薄片，再经过抛光后，就变成了「晶圆」(Wafer)，也就是晶片的基板；<span style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;\\\">晶圆上面的晶格可供电晶体置入</span>。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/3f3b5072b0d14a22b2a17875201da931\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(153,153,153);font-size:14px\\\">晶圆(Wafer)上面的晶格可供电晶体置入。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">常听到的8吋、12吋晶圆厂，代表的就是硅晶柱切成薄片后的晶圆直径，而整块晶圆可以再被切成一片片的裸晶 (Die)；裸晶经过封装后，才被称为晶片 (Chip)、或称 IC。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">晶圆的尺寸，可以决定后续裁切制作出来的晶片有多少数量。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">附注: AnySillicon网站上提供的计算机(Die Per Wafer Calculator)可供计算一块晶圆上能切出多少裸晶。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">如直径8吋的晶圆片使用2.0微米的制程，可以切出588颗64M的DRAM (记忆体)；至于12吋的晶圆，可以切出的成品又更多。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而如先前所述，硅纯度、拉晶速度与温度控制都是晶柱品质的关键，越粗的硅晶柱越难拉出好品质，故尺寸越大、技术难度就越高，12吋晶圆厂也就比8吋晶圆厂的制程更先进。 </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">另外，杂质对这些完美无缺的硅晶格构成很大的威胁（想想看：电晶体比人体细胞还小，稍有一丝杂质变足以毁坏整个硅晶格了），因此制造人员进入无尘室前，都必须事先清洗身体、穿戴防尘衣、全副武装采取预防措施。晶圆制造环境更比手术室干净十万倍。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/062b188d132e4a9c82f15fd701707940\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"384\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"533\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\">晶圆会在无尘的状态下送到无尘室并分装到密封的容器中，进行随后的生产步骤。</span><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\"> </span></p><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">三. 建筑成形: 光罩制作 (光蚀刻与微影成像)</strong></span></h3><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></strong></span></p><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">我们在先前提到，集成电路 (IC) 跨时代的意义在于，工业界不用各自生产电子件再组建起来，可以一口气将电路板依据电路图生产出来。这是怎么做到的呢？</h3><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">答案是：光学摄影技术。一大张的电路设计图，要缩小并压印到硅晶圆（基板），靠的就是光学原理。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">首先光罩厂会将IC设计图形第一次缩小，以电子束刻在石英片上，成为光罩。</span></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center\\\"><img src=\\\":/590246e938ca48f898e02b2abd0d841c\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"339\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"339\\\"/><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">光罩</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">由于电子束的宽度是1微米，所以光罩上依据设计图所刻出的半导体迴路也是1微米宽。接下来光罩厂会将完成的光罩送进晶圆厂。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"background-color: rgb(255, 250, 165);-evernote-highlight:true;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">晶片制造，也就是将光罩上刻的设计图、第二度缩小至晶圆上。与底片洗出相片的原理一样，「光罩」就是照相底片、「晶圆」就是相片纸。</span></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">晶圆上面会事先涂上一层光阻 （相片感光材料），透过紫外光的照射与凸透镜聚光效果、会将光罩上的电路结构缩小并烙印在晶圆上，最后印在晶圆上的半导体迴路会从光罩的 1 微米、变为 0.1 微米。阴影以外的部分会被紫外光破坏，随后能被冲洗液洗掉。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/5918fa44fb0f4756a9c5c5ace6c0be66\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"640\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"469\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">藉由光蚀刻与微影成像，晶圆厂成功将设计图转印到微小的晶圆基板上。如同底片品质会影响照片成像的好坏，光罩上图形的细緻度是晶片品质的关键。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">光刻制程结束后，工程师会在晶圆上继续加入离子。透过注入杂质到硅的结构中控制导电性，与一连串的物理过程，制造出电晶体。其过程相当複杂，甚至需要像两个足球场大的无尘室。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">待晶圆上的电晶体、二极体等电子元件制作完成后，工程师会将铜倒入沟槽中形成精细的接线，将许多电晶体连结起来。在指甲大的空间裡，数公里长的导线连接了数亿个电晶体，制作成大型集成电路。至此，伟大的建筑就完成了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p></div><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">四. 成品包装: 封装与</strong></span><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">测试</strong></span></h3><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">晶圆完成后被送到封装厂，会切割成一片片的「裸晶」，如先前图所示。由于裸晶小而薄、非常容易刮伤，故封装厂会将裸晶安装在导线架上、在外面封装上绝缘的塑胶体或陶瓷外壳，剪下来印上委託制造公司的标志。最后进行测试，进行晶片结构及功能的确认、将不良品挑出，一颗晶片就大功告成了！</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p></div><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128);font-size:20px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">半导体大厂有哪些？</strong></span></h2><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></h2><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">1960年代集成电路的发明，让许多的半导体元件可以一次放在一块晶片上。随著半导体的缩小，IC上可容纳的电晶体数目，约每隔两年便会增加一倍、性能每18个月能提升一倍 。</h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">从1960年代不到10个，1980年代增加到10万个、1990年代增加到1000万个。这个现象由英特尔的名誉董事长摩尔所提出，称为摩尔定律 (Moore’s Law)。如今，集成电路上的元件高达数亿至数十亿个。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:15px\\\"><img src=\\\":/4400cffe9be449e7aee5dee982f5b637\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">早期，半导体公司多是从IC设计、制造、封装、测试到销售都一手包办的整合元件制造商(Integrated Device Manufacturer, 俗称IDM)，如英特尔 (Intel)、德州仪器 (TI)、摩托罗拉(Motorola)、三星 (Samsung)、菲利普 (Philips)、东芝 (Toshiba)，以及国内的华邦、旺宏。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而，由于摩尔定律的关系，半导体晶片的设计和制作越来越複杂、花费越来越高，单独一家半导体公司往往无法负担从上游到下游的高额研发与制作费用，因此到了1980年代末期，半导体产业逐渐走向专业分工的模式──有些公司专门设计、再交由其他公司做晶圆代工和封装测试。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">其中的重要里程碑莫过于1987年台积电 (TSMC) 的成立。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">由于一家公司只做设计、制程交给其他公司，容易令人担心机密外洩的问题 （比如若高通和联发科两家彼此竞争的IC设计厂商若同时请台积电晶圆代工，等于台积电知道了两家的秘密），故一开始台积电并不被市场看好。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而，台积电本身没有出售晶片、纯粹做晶圆代工，更能替各家晶片商设立特殊的生产线，并严格保有客户隐私，成功证明了专做晶圆代工是有利可图的。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">如今台积电是全球排名第一的晶圆代工公司。知名厂商亦包括全球排名第二的联电 (UMC)、格罗方德 (GlobalFoundries)、中芯 (SMIC)。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\"><img src=\\\":/b062ccc1e4a649d7a16ac509cea6954a\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"264\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"559\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">由于IC设计公司只设计和销售晶片，但将制造、封装、测试外包给第三方、以专心投入资金与人力研发，故被称为无厂半导体 (Fabless Semiconductor Company)，包括高通 (Qualcomm)、博通 (Broadcom)、联发科 (MediaTek)，与中国紫光集团下的展讯 (SpreadTrum)。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\"><img src=\\\":/bffd4c4b54794e8db07ffb2d338203d6\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"215\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"551\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">最后，台湾半导体封装大厂日月光(ASE)排名全世界第一，全球市占近20%。排名第二为美商艾克尔(Amkor)、第三亦为台湾厂商硅品(SPIL)。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">半导体产业在近数十年来的发展速度不只惊人，许多重大的创新也支持了众多其他产业也、产生了极大的影响，可以说是数位时代之母。毫无疑问地，在未来，半导体的应用与产业规模，将会比今日来的更加广泛且举足轻重。 </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"> </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">最后为大家轻松总结一下我们这篇已经提到的知识，同时看看还有哪些知识虽然在本篇文章中没有提到、但同样很重要的，预告一下会在下篇出现：</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\">「 IC」的中文叫「集成电路」，在电子学中是一种把电路（包括半导体装置、元件）小型化、并制造在半导体晶圆表面上。所以半导体只是制作「IC」的原料。</p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">因为是将电路缩小化，你也可以叫它「微电路 (microcircuit)」、「微晶片 (microchip)」、「晶片 (chip)」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">也就是说，台湾媒体常称的半导体产业链，正确一点来说应该叫「IC设计」、「IC制造」、「IC封装」！</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">因为在 IC 设计和封装的环节都不会碰到半导体啊啊～半导体只是原料，重点是那颗 IC！IC设计的厂商有发哥 (MTK) 和高通、封装则有日月光和硅品。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">而我们从头到尾在介绍的「半导体大厂」只有台积电 (TSMC) 等晶圆代工厂在做的事，包括如何把电路缩小化、和晶圆代工的制程。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p></div><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">好啦，晶圆代工的制程就总结到这里。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">从下一篇开始，我们要从产业链往上回溯来解答这几个问题，看看 IC 晶片的用途、又是怎么设计来的。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:24px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">晶圆代工争霸战 </strong><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">第二篇：</strong></span></h1><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:24px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:20px\\\">台积电 VS 联电</span></strong></span></h1><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:24px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:20px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2016 年 10 月， 晶圆代工厂台积电董事长张忠谋谈及 Intel 跨足晶圆代工领域，谈及此举是把脚伸到池裡试水温，并表示：「相信英特尔会发现，水是很冰冷的。」全球晶圆代工在 2015 年的产值高达488.91 亿美元，更是台湾科技业与金融业维生的命脉。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">Intel和台积电之对决将孰赢孰败? 更别提一旁虎视眈眈地三星，这场战争在多年以前早已悄悄开打。今天就让我们来谈谈各家巨头的爱恨纠葛。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-bottom:1.1429em;font-size:2.1rem;font-style:inherit;white-space:normal;font-family:Oswald,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;clear:both;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:21px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\">霸主—台积电</span></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\">台积电 (TSMC)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><ul style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;padding-left:30px;margin-bottom:1.5em;margin-left:1em;width:528.195px;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;list-style-position:initial;list-style-image:initial\\\"><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">特色：砸大钱、高额资本支出，自己建厂自己研发，拼先进制程。</span></h3></li><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><h3 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">拥有最高的良率与庞大产能优势，成熟制程达16纳米。</span></h3></li></ul><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/8bdb05c927d949eea1f853fe67e7cf26\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">全球第一家、也是全球最大的晶圆代工企业，晶圆代工市佔率高达 54%。2015 年资本额约新台币2,593.0 亿元，市值约 1,536 亿美金 (2016/9)、约五兆新台币。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">另一方面，台积电在2016年度的资本支出高达 95 亿至 105 亿美元(约新台币 3,050 亿至 3,380 亿元)，已超越 Intel。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">制程方面<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>取稳进路线，从28 纳米、20 纳米，到 2015 年 Q2 成熟制程(能大量生产、且在效能与良率上都稳定)达 16 纳米。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">先进制程 10 纳米预计在 2017 年第 1 季量产。其更于 2016 年 9 月底透露，除 5 纳米制程目前正积极规划之外，更先进的 3 纳米制程目前也已组织了 300 到 400 人的研发团队。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">在制程上，若莫尔定律成立，则未来的制程突破将会有限，台积电预计将<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>取持续投入先进制程研发，但也著力于成熟制程特规化上的双重策略，以维持其晶圆代工的龙头地位。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\"> </span></p><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-bottom:1.1429em;font-size:2.1rem;font-style:inherit;white-space:normal;font-family:Oswald,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;clear:both;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:21px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\">挑战者NO.1—台积电与联电的历史情仇</span></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:18px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\">联华电子</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><ul style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;padding-left:30px;width:528.195px;white-space:normal\\\"><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">捡台积电剩下的客户，如：小IC设计公司的单，特点在于量不大、但可客制化。</span></p></li><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">专注于成熟制程28纳米。</span></p></li></ul><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/d5d25942c6d14b0ba43fb86ea947313f\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">仅次于台积电、全球第二大晶圆代工厂。然 2015 年已被格罗方德以 9.6% 的市占超过、以 9.3% 的市佔率成为老三。事实上代工产业只有龙头一枝独秀，景气不佳时仅台积电始终维持获利，其余 2、3、4名皆是一团混战。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">联电创立于 1980 年，也是台湾第一家上市的半导体公司，早年一直是晶圆代工领域的领导者。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">什么原因导致联电与台积电曾并称晶圆双雄，到如今无论股价、营收与获利都拼不过台积电在晶圆代工的地位呢？这就要说说台积电董事长张忠谋与联电荣誉董事长曹兴诚二王相争的故事了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">张忠谋于 1949 年赴美留学，分别拿到美国麻省理工学院机械工程系学士、硕士，因为申请博士失败，毕业后只好先进入德州仪器 (TI) 工作，当时的张忠谋 27 岁。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">彼时德仪正替 IBM 生产四个电晶体，IBM提供设计、德仪代工，可以说是晶圆代工的雏形。张忠谋带领几个工程师，成功把德仪的良率从 2%-3% 成功提升至 20% 以上、甚至超过 IBM 的自有产线。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">张忠谋在德仪待了 25 年，直到 1983 年确定不再有升迁机会，1985 年应经济部长孙运璿之邀、回台担任工研院院长，当时的张忠谋已经54岁了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">相较于张忠谋的洋学历与外商经历，曹兴诚由台大电机系学士、交大管科所硕士毕业后进入工研院。工研院于 1980 年出资成立联电后，于 1981 年起转任联电副总经理、隔年转任总经理。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">让我们再看一次──联电是创立于 1980 年，曹兴诚 1981 年任副总经理、张忠谋于 1985 年以工研院院长身分兼任联电董事长。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">1986 年、张忠谋创办了台积电，并身兼工研院、联电与台积电董事长三重身分。相较于以整合元件设计 (IDM) 为主、开发自家处理器与记忆体产品的联电，台积电专攻晶圆代工。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">这在当时完全是一个创举、更没人看好，一般认为 IC 设计公司不可能将晶片交由外人生产、有机密外洩之虞，况且晶圆代工所创造的附加价值比起贩售晶片还低得多。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而建立晶圆厂的资本支出非常昂贵，若将晶片的设计和制造分开，使得 IC 设计公司能将精力和成本集中在电路设计和销售上，而专门从事晶圆代工的公司则可以同时为多家 IC 设计公司提供服务，尽可能提高其生产线的利用率、并将资本与营运投注在昂贵的晶圆厂。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">台积电的成功，也促使无厂半导体 (Fabless) 的兴起。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">不过这完全惹恼了曹兴诚，他宣称在张忠谋回台的前一年便已向张提出晶圆代工的想法，却未获回应，结果张忠谋在担任联电董事长的情况下，隔年竟手拿政府资源、拉上用自己私人关系谈来的荷商飞利浦 (Philips) 合资另创一家晶圆代工公司去了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">当时曹兴诚示威性地选在工研院与飞利浦签约的前夕召开记者会、宣布联电将扩建新厂以和台积电抗衡。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">从那之后，曹兴诚和张忠谋互斗的局面便无停止过，然而张忠谋亦始终担任联电董事长，直到1991年曹兴诚才成功联合其他董事以竞业迴避为由，逼张忠谋辞去、并从总经理爬到董事长一职。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">台积电随后在晶圆代工上的成功，也成了联电的借鑑。1995 年联电放弃经营自有品牌，转型为纯专业晶圆代工厂。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">曹兴诚的想法比张忠谋更为刁钻──他想，若能与无厂 IC 设计公司合资开设晶圆代工厂，一来不愁没有资金盖造价昂贵的晶圆厂，二来了掌握客户稳定的需求、能直接承接这几家IC设计公司的单。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">故曹兴诚发展出所谓的「联电模式」，与美国、加拿大等地的 11 家 IC 设计公司合资成立联诚、 联瑞、联嘉晶圆代工公司。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而此举伴随而来的技术外流风险， 大型IC设计厂开始不愿意将晶片设计图给予联电代工，使得联电的客户群以大量的中小型IC设计厂为主。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">1996 年，因为受到客户质疑在晶圆代工厂内设立 IC 设计部门，会有怀疑盗用客户设计的疑虑，联电又将旗下的IC设计部门分出去成立公司，包括现在的联发科技、联咏科技、联阳半导体、智原科技等公司。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">再来是设备未统一化的问题──和不同公司合资的工厂设备必有些许差异，当一家工厂订单爆量时，却也难以转单到其他工厂、浪费多余产能。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/ccc57943342c4b95b60c55f3cfea2e98\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:15px\\\">相较之下，台积电用自己的资金自行建造工厂，不但让国际大厂愿意将先进制程交由台积电代工而不用担心其商业机密被盗取、更能充分发挥产线产能。</span></p><blockquote style=\\\"padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin:0;border-left:3px solid #dbdbdb;padding-left:1em;border-width:0 0 0 2px;border-left-color:rgb(242,242,242);font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;border-top-style:initial;border-right-style:initial;border-bottom-style:initial;border-top-color:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-bottom-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px\\\">不过真正让曹兴诚砸掉整个宏图霸业、从此联电再也追赶不上台积电的分水岭，还在于 1997 年的一场大火，与 2000 年联电与IBM的合作失败。</span></p></blockquote><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">我们在前述中提到，联电的每个晶圆厂都是独立的公司，「联瑞」就是当时联电的另一个新的八吋厂。在建厂完后的两年多后， 1997 年的八月开始试产，第二个月产就衝到了三万多片。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">该年 10 月，联电总经理方以充满企图心的口吻表示：「联电在两年内一定干掉台积电!」</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">不料两日后，一把人为疏失的大火烧掉了联瑞厂房。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">火灾不仅毁掉了百亿厂房，也让联瑞原本可以为联电赚到的二十亿元营收泡汤，更错失半导体景气高峰期、订单与客户大幅流失，是历史上台湾企业火灾损失最严重的一次，也重创了产险业者、赔了 100 多亿，才让科技厂房与产险业者兴起风险控制与预防的意识，此为后话不提。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">在求新求快的半导体产业，只要晚别人一步将技术研发出来、就是晚一步量产将价格压低，可以说时间就是竞争力。在联瑞被烧掉的那时刻，几乎了确定联电再也无法追上台积电。</span> </p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\"> </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><em style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-style:italic;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\">2000年与IBM的合作，对联电来说又是一次重击，却是台积电翻身的关键</span></em></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">随著半导体元件越来越小、导线层数急遽增加，使金属连线线宽缩小，导体连线系统中的电阻及电容所造成的电阻/电容时间延迟 (RC Time Delay)，严重的影响了整体电路的操作速度。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">要解决这个问题有二种方法──一是<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用低电阻的铜当导线材料；从前的半导体制程<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用铝，铜的电阻比铝还低三倍。二是选用Low-K Dielectric (低介电质绝缘) 作为介电层之材料。在制程上，电容与电阻决定了技术。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">当时的IBM发表了铜制程与 Low-K 材料的 0.13 微米新技术，找上台积电和联电兜售。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">该时台湾半导体还没有用铜制程的经验，台积电回去考量后，决定回绝 IBM、自行研发铜制程技术；联电则选择向 IBM 买下技术合作开发。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而IBM的技术强项只限于实验室，在制造上良率过低、达不到量产。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">到了 2003 年，台积电 0.13 微米自主制程技术惊艳亮相，客户订单营业额将近 55 亿元，联电则约为 15 亿元。再一次，两者先进制程差异拉大，台积电一路跃升为晶圆代工的霸主，一家独秀。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:15px;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">NVIDIA 执行长兼总裁黄仁勋说：「0.13 微米改造了台积电。」</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">现在的联电在最高端制程并未领先，策略上专注于 12 吋晶圆的 40 以下纳米、尤其 28 纳米，和 8 吋成熟制程。除了电脑和手机外，如通讯和车用电子晶片，几乎都<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用成熟制程以控制良率、及提供完善的IC 给予客户。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">联电积极利用策略性投资布局多样晶片应用，例如网路通讯、影像显示、PC 等领域，针对较小型 IC 设计业者提供多元化的解决方案，可是说是做到台积电不想做的利基市场。</span><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">台积电的 28 纳米制程早在 2011 年第 4 季即导入量产。反观联电 28 纳米制程迟至 2014 年第 2 季才量产，足足落后台积电长达2年半时间。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">在28纳米的基础上联电仍得和台积电竞争客户，故在 28 纳米需求疲软时台积电仍能受惠于先进制程、而联电将面临不景气的困境。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">近来竞争趋烈， 中芯也已在 2015 年下半量产 28 纳米，故联电计画跳过20纳米，原因在于20纳米制程在半导体上有其物理侷限，可说是下一个节点的过渡制程，效果在于降低功耗，效能上突破不大，因此下一个决胜节点会是16/14纳米制程。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">联电预计在 2017 年上半年开始商用生产14纳米 FinFET 晶片，以赶上台积电与三星，然而在随著制程越趋先进，所需投入的资本及研发难度越大，联电无法累积足够的自有资本，形成研发的正向循环，未来将以共同技术开发、授权及策略联盟的方式来弥补技术上的缺口。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><img src=\\\":/a1e6d8ca2a3a46d2ac6f66beecfc9cd8\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"> </p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"></p><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"></h1><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:24px\\\">晶圆代工争霸战 第三篇 :</strong><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></h1><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:20px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">台积电VS三星</strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">台积电和联电拉开分水岭的关键，在于 2000 那年联电<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>信了 IBM… 等等！IBM 支持的 Gate-First 技术是哪裡不好？ </span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">Intel 说：安安，信我者得永生。IBM 的 Gate-First 太烂，我拥护的 Gate-Last 才是真理！也让后续台积电和三星纷纷从 Gate-First 转向Gate-Last 技术后，彼此在 14 与 16 纳米上继续互搏。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">很多台湾媒体都说三星的转向，与台积电叛逃的技术战将梁孟松很有关系… 真的是这样吗？</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">看完本篇文章，您将获知：</span></p><ul style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;padding-left:30px;width:528.195px;white-space:normal\\\"><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">梁孟松是何许人也？</span></p></li><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">什么是HKMG？</span></p></li><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">IBM 的 Gate-First 与 Intel 的 Gate-Last 之争孰优孰劣？</span></p></li><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"> 台积电与三星从20纳米、14/16纳米、到10纳米的打架过程？</span></p></li></ul><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-bottom:1.1429em;font-size:2.1rem;white-space:normal;font-family:Oswald,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;clear:both;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgb(64,64,64);background-color:rgb(255,255,255)\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-size:21px;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(0,128,128)\\\">挑战者NO.2 台积电与三星的厮杀</span></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(0,128,128);font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\">三星 (SAMSUNG)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(0,128,128);font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><ul style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;padding-left:30px;width:528.195px;white-space:normal\\\"><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">晶圆业务早期以自用为主，然而产能若仅自己用会太小、故也接苹果的单。</span></p></li><li style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">制程飞越，直接从 28 纳米跳过 20 纳米，飞到现在的 14 纳米。</span></p></li></ul><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><img src=\\\":/1b2b780f1b914cc7b85389354301d925\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">由李秉喆创立的韩国三星集团是世界上最大的一家由家族控制的商业帝国，早期出口干鱼、蔬菜、水果到中国东北去。1970 年代生产洗衣机、冰箱、电视机等家电， 1980 年代开始引进美国先进技术并和韩国半导体公司完成合併，家电、电信与半导体成为三星电子的核心业务。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">三星的晶圆代工事业的发展之所以能成功，苹果可以说是一股最主要的助力。三星是动态随机存取记忆体 (DRAM) 和快闪记忆体 (NAND) 的领导厂商，全球市占率达 15.5%。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">故其始终掌握著 iPhone 的记忆体关键零组件，比如 iPhone 4 使用的快闪记忆体晶片来自三星、iPad显示器也是由三星生产。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">再加上三星的电子产品，使用的是自家生产的处理器 (如:Exynos猎户座)；为了获得苹果的资源发展晶圆产业、同时不让自己的产能过剩 (若处理器仅用在三星自身产品上会有多余产能)，其晶圆代工几乎是用成本价吃掉苹果单、记忆体打包一起折扣卖，来帮自己的晶圆代工练兵。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">从 iPhone 的第一代晶片开始，苹果一直向三星<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>购 ARM 架构的晶片。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2010年苹果自主研发的 A4 晶片被搭载在 iPad 上正式发表、随后又搭载在 iPhone 4 中。A4 处理器虽出自苹果，三星自家发表的 S5PC100 处理器和 A4 晶片上<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用的内核一模一样，两款晶片的电路设计上可以说是同一批人马。后续的 A5、A6、A7 也都是三星生产。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">不过苹果和三星在代工处理上的关系，直到三星在 Android 智慧型手机与苹果的iOS开始起了摩擦。 2011 年苹果正式起诉三星 Galaxy 系列产品抄袭 iPhone 和 iPad、三星又反起诉苹果侵犯其 10 项技术专利，苹果与三星的专利诉讼战几乎遍及全世界。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">台积电之所以一直没办法获得苹果订单，是由于台积电报价强硬，而苹果迫使台积电接受与三星同样的成本价、另一方面是当时台积电厂房产能已经满载，无法接下苹果如此大量的订单。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">后来苹果因与三星争讼、力行「去三星化」政策，且三星在 20 纳米制程的良率无法突破，最后只用来生产自家 Exynos 5430  (用在 Samsung GALAXY A8 ) 与 Exynos 5433 (用在 Samsung GALAXY  Note 4 )。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">另一方面，台积电 20 纳米制程领先三星，同时台积电已经将产能扩张完毕，最后才由台积电首度拿下 iPhone 6 的 A8 处理器全部订单。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">三星原先还在苦恼 20 纳米制程的良率问题，忽然间竟直接杀到 14 纳米制程了。造成这个转变的因素，可能多少在于台积电内部所发生的洩密问题。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">梁孟松是加州大学柏克莱分校电机博士，毕业后曾在美商超微 (AMD) 工作几年，在 1992 年返台加入台积电。 台积电在 2003 年击败 IBM、一举扬名全球的 0.13 微米铜制程一役，其中便有他的功绩。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2009 年，梁孟松因研发副总升迁不上的问题、愤而离开研发部门，带走了自己的一组人马投奔南韩。接下来几年，三星的制程突然研发快速进步，从 48、32、28 纳米的间隔时间急遽缩短，且三星的电晶体制程与台积电的差异快速减少。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">合理来说，三星的技术源自于 IBM，其电晶体应是圆盘 U 状，而非台积电所独有的稜形结构特征，但到了 14 纳米制程，在结构上几乎已经与台积电无异，据台积电委託外部专家所制作的对比分析报告指出，若单从结构上来看，已经无法分辨两种晶圆是来自于台积电或是三星所制造。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"> 2014年5月，法院判定梁孟松直至 2015 年 12 月31 日前不得进入南韩三星工作。台湾法院从未限制企业高阶主管在竞业禁止期限结束之后，还不能到竞争对手公司工作，可以说是个历史性的判决。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而，这很难说是台湾媒体的过于夸大。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">半导体制程的挑战，在于不断微缩闸极线宽、在固定的单位面积之下增加电晶体数目。随著闸极线宽缩小，氧化层厚度也会跟著缩减、绝缘效果降低，导致漏电严重。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">半导体制造业者在 28 纳米制程节点导入的高介电常数金属闸极（High-k Metal Gate, HKMG），即是利用高介电常数材料来增加电容值，以达到降低漏电的目的。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">简单讲，HKMG 是由 High-k 绝缘层加上金属栅极来防漏电用的。然而在工艺上又分成 由IBM 为首支持的 Gate-First 、与 Intel 支持的 Gate-Last 两大派。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">Gate-Last 顾名思义，是指晶圆制程阶段，先经过离子佈植（将所需的掺杂元素电离成正离子，并施加高偏压使其获得一定的动能，以高速射入硅晶圆）、退火（离子佈植之后会严重地破坏晶圆内硅晶格的完整性，所以随后晶圆必须利用热能来消除晶圆内晶格缺陷、以恢复硅晶格的完整 性）等工序后，再形成 HKMG 栅极。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">Gate-First 就是反过来，先形成栅极、再进行离子佈植和退火等后续工法。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">还记得我们在【晶圆代工争霸战：台积电VS联电】一文中曾提过，联电和台积电技术的分水岭，在于联电<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用了 IBM 的技术吗？当初联电便是<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用了 IBM 基于 Gate-first 的制程技术，才会永远被台积电所超越。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">为什么 Gate-Last 会比 Gate First 好？很简单，读者可以想想，如果先形成 HKMG 栅极、再让 High-k 绝缘层和金属等制作栅极的材料经过退火工序的高温，容易影响晶片性能。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">台积电原本也是走 IBM 的 Gate-first 技术，但后来在台积电第一战将蒋尚义（号称技术大阿哥 XD）的主导下，在 28 纳米改走 Intel 的 Gate-last 技术。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2011 年第四季，台积电才领先各家代工厂、首先实现了28 纳米的量产，从 40 纳米进展到 28 纳米。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">三星原本在 32 纳米制程同样<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用 Gate-first 技术，后来快速发展出自己的 Gate-Last 28 纳米制程，此后的 14纳米亦皆基于 Gate-Last。很多人会把三星能快速发展出自己的 Gate-Last 技术的大功劳归功于梁孟松。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而回推2009年，台积电连 40 纳米也都还没多少量、同时 28纳米 HKMG Gate-First 与 Gate-Last 的战役都还没分出胜负，真要说梁孟松对三星的 FinFET 提供关键性的助益… ？</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">科技同业互相挖角乃为常态，彼此间都有高阶人才跳来跳去；粱孟松当初带了一组人马过去，若有人在南韩不适应、再度回归台积电的话，不也换三星要担心？</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">因此梁孟松虽然对三星的技术开发有一些贡献，但影响也没那么大；三星的逻辑技术一直都不输给台积电，只是以前很少做代工罢了。事后，听说两家公司有个非公开的互不挖角协议，避免双方都困扰。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">不过三星的急起直追，对于台积电投入好几年、几千亿的研发资金的技术仍颇有压力。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">由于三星的 14 纳米已超越台积电的 16 纳米，加上苹果 A9 的大部分订单更转到了三星，对台积电所造成的损失高达好十几亿美元。张忠谋在 2014 年的法说会上，坦承 16 纳米技术被三星超前，使台积电一度股价大跌、投资评等遭降。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">这个局势在 iPhone 6s A9 晶片忽然扭转，使得台积电在苹果A9处理器一战成名。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">同时<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用三星及台积电制程的 A9 处理器在功耗上发生的显著的差异：台积电的晶片明显较三星地省电，适才爆发知名的 iPhone 6s 晶片门争议。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><img src=\\\":/2f7f3076b4b64f208d71d40468eea0b1\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">这显示著三星虽然在制程上获得巨大的进步，但在良率及功耗的控制下仍输给台积电，使得苹果 A9 后续的追加订单全到了台积电手裡；到了 A10 处理器，其代工订单由台积电全部吃下。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">三星虽然挖走了台积电的技术战将、也跟著往 Gate-Last 技术走，然而 Gate-Last 工艺的防漏电及提高良率的苦功，则还是要仰赖基层生产时的Know-how，这也是台积电的得意绝活。(所谓十万青年十万肝，GG轮班救台湾便是来于此)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">为什么三星的 14 纳米会不如台积电的 16 纳米制程的另一个原因，在于FinFET (鳍式场效应电晶体) 先进制程上的命名惯例被三星打破。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">当初台积电刚<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用立体设计的 FinFET 工艺时，原本计画按照与 Intel 一致的测量方法、称为 20 纳米 FinFET，因为该代制程的线宽与前一代传统半导体 2D 平面工艺 20 纳米的线宽差不多。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">但三星抢先命名为「14 纳米」，为了不在宣传上吃亏，台积电改称为「16 纳米」。事实上，三星与台积电皆可称为「 20 纳米FinFET」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">台积电于 2015 年第 4 季末开始首批 10 纳米送样认证，当时仅苹果、联发科及海思等少数一线客户，高通并未参与。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2016 年 11 月，高通正式宣布下世代处理器骁龙 (Snapdragon) 830将<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\">采</span>用三星的 10 纳米制程技术，原因在于：</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">1. 骁龙 810 上的发热门事件即是<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64);font-size:15px\\\">采</span>用台积电制程(虽然是高通自己的晶片设计问题)；</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">2. 有韩国媒体传出， 高通以晶圆代工订单做为交换条件，要求2017年三星旗舰机Galaxy S8须<span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64);font-size:15px\\\">采</span>用骁龙 830 晶片。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px;white-space:normal;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">但若台积电能在制程上再度取得优势，则可预期高通7纳米制程将重回台积电怀抱。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"></p><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"></h1><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:24px\\\">晶圆代工争霸战 第四篇 :</strong><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></h1><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;text-align:center\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:20px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">英特尔VS格罗方德VS中芯</strong></span></p><h1 style=\\\"font-weight:400;font-size:16px;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;\\\"><img src=\\\":/21c1f1a942c342dca6202a820f4c3559\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"477\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"751\\\"/><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">全球第一大半导体公司 Intel 近几年来，由于在个人电脑市场持续衰退、又在行动通讯市场表现不佳，势必要寻找其他成长动能。</span></h1><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">以 Intel 的定位来说，本身 x86 平台已经有完善的垂直整合生态，然而 ARM 市场对 Intel 可说是未开闢的市场，特别是 ARM 的授权模式让 Intel 可以直接从代工服务切入，开闢新的营收动能。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">为了重整态势，4月时intel在公布2016年第一季财报后、宣佈全球将裁员12000人，并宣佈退出行动通讯系统晶片市场。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">此举放弃了Atom晶片 (包括 Sofia 处理器和原预计于 2016 年上市的 Broxton 处理器) 而用于平板的Atom X5也将逐渐淡出市场，但市场上大多人忽略的是intel早在2014年时就入股展讯，间接持有20%的股权，为未来行动处理器业务铺路意味甚深。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2016 年 8 月，Intel 在年度开发者大会 (Intel Developer Forum, IDF) 宣布开始处理器架构供应商 ARM 的 IP 授权，并首度直接表态「英特尔专业晶圆代工正协助全球各地的客户」，未来将开始扩大抢食 ARM 架构的代工市场。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">Intel 选择 ARM Artisan 平台，说明未来 ARM 架构的晶片厂都可以选择 Intel 的代工服务。据Intel 的官方讯息指出： Intel 专业晶圆代工（Intel Custom Foundry） 将作为提供代工服务的基地，并宣布第一批产品将用于 LG 和展讯上。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">LG 将使用 Intel 的 10 纳米平台以制造自家的 64-bit ARMv8 mobile SoCs；而原先就是 Intel 控股的展讯则采用 Intel 的 14 纳米制程晶圆代工服务。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">值得一提的是，若展讯选择 Intel 14 纳米制程代工服务，则该晶片将可能吸引三星的手机订单──事实上三星在新兴市场、比如印度，早已推出好几款采用展讯晶片的低阶智慧型手机。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">未来 14 纳米制程晶片可能上到中阶手机采取。从一家身为IDM (Integrated Device Manufacturer, 整合元件制造) 公司转型到先进制程晶圆代工，Intel 的每一步都意欲在行动通讯市场上力挽狂澜。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">在制程技术上，Intel 确实有世界顶尖的技术工艺。国际半导体评测机构 Chipworks 指出其 14 纳米制程将晶片的电晶体鳍片间距做得最为紧密，真正达到了 14 纳米，而非台积电与三星的宣称的 16 纳米/ 14 纳米，事实上仅有 Intel 20 纳米的程度。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">Chipworks 的测验结果也证实了其电晶体效能均领先其他竞争对手。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">但晶圆代工著重的不只是制程──产量、良率与背后的一连串支援服务，才是晶圆代工真正的关键价值链，对此张忠谋也指出英特尔并不是专业晶圆代工，只是把脚伸到池裡试水温，并道：「相信英特尔会发现水是很冰冷的」。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">但亦可得知2017年晶圆代工产业的竞争将会更为激烈。2017年各家晶圆代工厂的决胜点将是7 纳米先进制程。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">10纳米制程因物理侷限，仅是针对降低功耗做改善，效能上难以突破。到了7纳米、才会是突破10纳米效能极限的先进制程，因此被各家厂商视为决胜点。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">目前市场上的三大阵营台积电、三星与格罗方德都已经积极投入资源研发该制程，至于结果会如何，只能静静等待市场结果了。</span></p><img src=\\\":/0f0ef60340244415b1a9370e0ea76f08\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"475\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"751\\\"/><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">格罗方德 (GlobalFoundries) 成立于 2009 年 3 月，是从美商超微 (AMD) 公司亏损连连后拆分出来的晶圆厂，加上阿布达比创投基金 (ATIC) 合资成立。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">AMD 仅持有 8.8% 股份，余下大部分由 ATIC 持有。借助背后石油金主 ATIC 的资金优势， 四个月后收购了新加坡特许半导体，成为仅次于台积电和联电的世界第三大晶圆代工厂。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">毕竟是由 AMD 拆分出来的公司，格罗方德原先主要承接 AMD 处理器和绘图晶片的生产订单。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">然而2011年，AMD Bulldozer 架构的微处理器由格罗方德代工 32 纳米制程时，因良率过低，造成原订 2011 年第 1 季出货的进度，一路延误到 2011 年第 4 季，使得后来 AMD 将部分订单转交给台积电。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">ATIC作为金主，持续投入高额资本在先进制程的研发上；然而这条路走得始终不顺遂。台积电在2011 年即量产 28 纳米制程，格罗方德却迟至 2012 下半年才正式量产。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">在 14 纳米 FinFET 工艺上，格罗方德于 2014 年获得三星的技术授权专利，但自主研发能力也因此遭人诟病。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">从 2009 年创立至今，格罗方德的营利始终是负数，2014 年的净亏损高达 15 亿美元。连续的巨额亏损让石油金主也难以负担，2015 年甚至传出阿布达比因油价腰斩手头紧、打算脱手格罗方德变现的传言。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2014 年 10 月，IBM 请格罗方德收下其亏损的晶片制造工厂、以避免支付更高额的关闭工厂遣散费与后续争讼，并承诺在未来 3 年支付格罗方德现金 15 亿美元。近来传格罗方德将跳过 10 纳米制程，直接跳级进军 7 纳米制程，外界推测是藉由买下 IBM 半导体事业，连同取得重要技术人才与专利。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">从格罗方德取得的三星 14 纳米制程技术、到 IBM 7 纳米制程技术，不像台积电自主研发、以自有资金建厂，联电与格罗方德的部分制程技术透过合作联盟或授权而来，在出问题时很难及时调整、或找到人来收烂摊子。成立以来一路走得跌跌撞撞的格罗方德，前景尚且一片茫茫。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\"><img src=\\\":/d068e3123a9845989d77663d058f6312\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"475\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"751\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">中芯国际成立于 2000 年， 2014 年底获得中国政府 300 亿人民币产业基金支持。中芯试图挤入台积电，Intel 这几家所把持的半导体市场，然后由于财力和制程技术的不足，技术落后台积电至少 2 代以上，使其始终难以承担大型的 IC 设计客户 (如高通) 的重要订单。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">为了缩短技术差距，中芯找上了高通寻求技术升级协助。高通该时方被中国官方反垄断调查、遭重罚 9.75 亿美元，为了向中国政府示好便答应了和中芯的合作。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2015 年，中芯与高通、华为成立合资企业，研发自有的 14 纳米制程技术，并提出2020年前在中芯厂房投入量产的目标。其中高通的投资金额达 2.8 亿美元，签约时习近平还出席观礼。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">中芯目前已于 2015 下半年开始量产 28 纳米制程，这也是中芯的首款产品。该产线也不意外地拿到了高通骁龙 410 处理器的订单。</span>  </p></div><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;white-space:normal;color:rgb(64,64,64)\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(255,153,0)\\\">关于晶圆代工战争的故事就到这边暂且告一个段落。看完了各家大厂间的竞合策略，你认为哪一家最有可能成为下一代的领导厂商呢？</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0;color:rgb(51,51,51)\\\"><img src=\\\":/935efb7aa0c540669e4d8706b4572b99\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" height=\\\"363\\\" style=\\\"padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em auto; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\" width=\\\"751\\\"/></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-style:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial;outline:0\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">由于摩尔定律逼近极限，让过去台积电能仰赖在制程上甩脱对手一个世代、降低成本绑住订单，藉以维持高毛利的作法将日益困难。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">加上晶片越做越小、漏电流发生的可能越大，良率也势必跟著下跌；因此未来朝向能管控成本的规模化，以及因应少量客制化需求的生产管理 Know-how，将成为未来晶圆代工厂竖立竞争力的方向。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\">2016 年 7 月，台积电陆续出货整合型扇形封装 (InFO)、跨足终端封装技术，即是台积电迈向规模化发展的其中一步。然而封装的人力需求比晶圆制造来得高，后续的自动化进程将会如何，尚待未来分解。</span></p><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64);white-space:normal\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;border-top:1px dashed rgb(249,110,87)\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center\\\"><img src=\\\":/97a0ca75e45a470cb69d05fc79cb507b\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p></div></div></div><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(64,64,64);white-space:normal\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-bottom:5px;padding:2px 15px;display:inline-block;float:right;border-left:1px solid rgb(255,76,0);border-top-color:rgb(255,76,0);border-right-color:rgb(255,76,0);border-bottom:1px solid rgb(255,76,0);text-align:center;background-color:rgb(254,254,254);overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(255,76,0);font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">EETOP微信群</span></strong></div></div><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-0.8em;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(255,76,0);border-radius:0.3em;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin:10px;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">为了更好地便于大家交流学习，EETOP按区域组建了一些微信群，欢迎所在区域的网友加入各自的区域群，加群方法：<strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"> 先加 jack_eetop 为好友，发送如下信息：</strong><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">加群+区域+单位（或院校）+职业</strong></span><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">。如果加入的是以省为单位的群，则需按以下格式发送加群信息：<strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">加群+省名+城市名+单位（或院校）+职业</strong></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:12px\\\">比如： 加群+北京+利达科技+数字IC设计</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:12px\\\">加群+浙江+杭州+xxx公司+xxx设计</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">目前先开通如下7个区域群，欢迎对号入座。</p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:10px\\\">长按二维码，加群主为好友，拉你入群</span><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center\\\"><img src=\\\":/fa8fd135faf443b1bec4a8b4a54d6e34\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(120,172,254);font-size:12px\\\">EETOP北京群    EETOP苏州  EETOP上海  EETOP深圳</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(120,172,254);font-size:12px\\\">EETOP成都   EETOP西安  EETOP浙江</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:12px\\\">此外，我们也会陆续开通一些行业群，目前开放 </span><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:12px\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(255,0,0)\\\">EETOP汽车电子群 </span></strong><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);font-size:12px\\\">欢迎业内人士加入</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;color:rgb(51,51,51);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:12px;color:rgb(2,30,170)\\\">请按如下格式填写：加群+汽车+单位</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:12px\\\"><em style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-style:italic\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170)\\\">为了防止机器人加入，初次进群请务必主动打招呼！</span></em></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);white-space:normal\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:rgb(64,64,64);white-space:normal\\\"><img src=\\\":/7bbd08b8e3274efb9551f9746ee46fa7\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"0.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: auto !important;\\\"/><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(120,172,254);font-size:12px;\\\">点击阅读原文，查看更多</span></p></div></div></div><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;margin-top:10px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">转载声明</strong>：本文转载自「EETOP」，搜索「eetop-1」即可关注。</p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p></div></div><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0\\\"><a href=\\\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA4ODMwNTMxNg==&amp;mid=2651153511&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=d78d53db69f8df7fb4cb64e27d2c0e7b&amp;chksm=8bddffacbcaa76ba6a22f23b8a3cae122ee84ce4b0457c407553348a35b53566fd0f341d53e9&amp;mpshare=1&amp;scene=1&amp;srcid=0515qU0KEYcA7rhOggMnPfVk#\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#607fa6;text-decoration:none\\\">阅读原文</a></div></div></div></div></span>\\\n</div></body></html>\\u0000\"]],\"start1\":0,\"start2\":0,\"length1\":0,\"length2\":234362}]"
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updated_time: 2025-11-28T16:20:16.511Z
created_time: 2025-11-28T16:20:16.511Z
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