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body_diff: "[{\"diffs\":[[1,\"<html>\\\r\\\n<head>\\\r\\\n  <title>值得收藏的IC芯片生产流程：从设计到制造与封装</title>\\\r\\\n  <basefont face=\\\"微软雅黑\\\" size=\\\"2\\\" />\\\r\\\n  <meta http-equiv=\\\"Content-Type\\\" content=\\\"text/html;charset=utf-8\\\" />\\\r\\\n  <meta name=\\\"exporter-version\\\" content=\\\"YXBJ Windows/608924 (zh-CN, DDL); Windows/10.0.0 (Win64); EDAMVersion=V2;\\\"/>\\\r\\\n  <style>\\\r\\\n\\tbody, td {\\\r\\\n\\t  font-family: 微软雅黑;\\\r\\\n\\t  font-size: 12pt;\\\r\\\n\\t}\\\r\\\n  </style>\\\r\\\n</head>\\\r\\\n<body>\\\r\\\n<a name=\\\"20546\\\"></a>\\\r\\\n<h1>值得收藏的IC芯片生产流程：从设计到制造与封装</h1>\\\r\\\n\\\r\\\n<div><span style=\\\"margin:0px;\\\"><div style=\\\"padding:8px 0px;margin:8px auto;max-width:700px;\\\"> <div style=\\\"padding:20px 16px 12px;margin:0;background-color:#fff\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0\\\"><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:22px;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:14px\\\"> 值得收藏的IC芯片生产流程：从设计到制造与封装 </h2><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;margin-bottom:22px;line-height:20px;font-size:0;word-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-all\\\"><span style=\\\"padding:0;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0 10px 10px 0;font-size:15px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);position:relative\\\"><a style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)\\\"> 半导体产业联盟 </a></span><em style=\\\"padding:0;font-style:normal;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0 10px 10px 0;font-size:15px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);color:rgba(0,0,0,0.3)\\\"></em></div><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;color:#333;font-size:17px;word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;position:relative;z-index:0\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(82,82,81);color:rgb(82,82,81);text-align:center;font-family:&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,微软雅黑,Helvetica,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,微软雅黑,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;line-height:20px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;padding-top:3px;padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;color:rgb(62,62,62);line-height:22.4px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(82,82,81);line-height:20px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:12px;font-family:-apple-system-font,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.54px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/01087c3fff4743adb0431746877ac239\\\" type=\\\"image/gif\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.gif\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;color:rgb(51,51,51);line-height:21px;text-indent:28px;font-family:微软雅黑;font-size:14px;word-wrap:break-word !important;visibility:visible !important;width:500px !important\\\" width=\\\"auto\\\"/></span></strong><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p></div></div></div><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(82,82,81);color:rgb(82,82,81);text-align:center;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;letter-spacing:0.54px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;padding-top:3px;padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;color:rgb(62,62,62);line-height:22.4px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><div style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(82,82,81);line-height:20px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:16px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(123,12,0);font-size:12px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">中国半导体论坛 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!important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(82,82,81);color:rgb(82,82,81);text-align:center;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;letter-spacing:0.54px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"> <a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484193&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=ba497682c476c177120218bb84bf3e80&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;line-height:24.72px;letter-spacing:0.54px;text-decoration:underline;color:rgb(255,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">半导体资料！15个G！8千多个文件！学会你能自己建厂！</span></a></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(82,82,81);color:rgb(82,82,81);text-align:center;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;letter-spacing:0.54px;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;text-decoration:underline;color:rgb(255,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI2MTkyNTMzMg==&amp;mid=2247483687&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=c1354b15e0e376e7200b7120bf76f193&amp;chksm=ea53b19cdd24388a3d2518dea31ca659573f836c8fb8247e2fe1727b862fa297bf1e777d5c10&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">福利下载：电子技术全套资料，工程师必看</a>！（点击）</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/f33096d01aa6490ab507847a3d34ae61\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;visibility:visible !important;width:677px !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">一、复杂繁琐的芯片设计流程</span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">芯片制造的过程就如同用乐高盖房子一样，先有晶圆作为地基，再层层往上叠的芯片制造流程后，就可产出必要的 IC 芯片(这些会在后面介绍)。然而，没有设计图，拥有再强制造能力都没有用，因此，建筑师的角色相当重要。但是 IC 设计中的建筑师究竟是谁呢?本文接下来要针对 IC 设计做介绍。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在 IC 生产流程中，IC 多由专业 IC 设计公司进行规划、设计，像是联发科、高通、Intel 等知名大厂，都自行设计各自的 IC 芯片，提供不同规格、效能的芯片给下游厂商选择。因为 IC 是由各厂自行设计，所以 IC 设计十分仰赖工程师的技术，工程师的素质影响着一间企业的价值。然而，工程师们在设计一颗 IC 芯片时，究竟有那些步骤?设计流程可以简单分成如下。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/4bf77f6344894b00a0f43eb61ecaf842\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"412\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(0,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">设计第一步，订定目标</span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在 IC 设计中，最重要的步骤就是规格制定。这个步骤就像是在设计建筑前，先决定要几间房间、浴室，有什么建筑法规需要遵守，在确定好所有的功能之后在进行设计， 这样才不用再花额外的时间进行后续修改。IC 设计也需要经过类似的步骤，才能确保设计出来的芯片不会有任何差错。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">规格制定的第一步便是确定 IC 的目的、效能为何，对大方向做设定。接着是察看有哪些协定要符合，像无线网卡的芯片就需要符合 IEEE 802.11 等规範，不然，这芯片将无法和市面上的产品相容，使它无法和其他设备连线。最后则是确立这颗 IC 的实作方法，将不同功能分配成不同的单元，并确立不同单元间连结的方法，如此便完成规格的制定。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">设计完规格后，接着就是设计芯片的细节了。这个步骤就像初步记下建筑的规画，将整体轮廓描绘出来，方便后续制图。在 IC 芯片中，便是使用硬体描述语言(HDL)将电路描写出来。常使用的 HDL 有 Verilog、VHDL 等，藉由程式码便可轻易地将一颗 IC 地功能表达出来。接着就是检查程式功能的正确性并持续修改，直到它满足期望的功能为止。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/6e4b5de5346449e2a240275663484f48\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"210\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 32 bits 加法器的 Verilog 范例</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(0,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">有了电脑，事情都变得容易</span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">有了完整规画后，接下来便是画出平面的设计蓝图。在 IC 设计中，逻辑合成这个步骤便是将确定无误的 HDL code，放入电子设计自动化工具(EDA tool)，让电脑将 HDL code 转换成逻辑电路，产生如下的电路图。之后，反覆的确定此逻辑闸设计图是否符合规格并修改，直到功能正确为止。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/6b3f5417ca5b4a81a42b6ec4fb07d904\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"196\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 控制单元合成后的结果</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">最后，将合成完的程式码再放入另一套 EDA tool，进行电路布局与绕线(Place And Route)。在经过不断的检测后，便会形成如下的电路图。图中可以看到蓝、红、绿、黄等不同颜色，每种不同的颜色就代表着一张光罩。至于光罩究竟要如何运用呢?</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/3d0c6cf0757844aaa4b3bdf83758c4fa\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"357\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 常用的演算芯片- FFT 芯片，完成电路布局与绕线的结果</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(0,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">层层光罩，叠起一颗芯片</span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">首先，目前已经知道一颗 IC 会产生多张的光罩，这些光罩有上下层的分别，每层有各自的任务。下图为简单的光罩例子，以积体电路中最基本的元件 CMOS 为範例，CMOS 全名为互补式金属氧化物半导体(Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor)，也就是将 NMOS 和 PMOS 两者做结合，形成 CMOS。至于什么是金属氧化物半导体(MOS)?这种在芯片中广泛使用的元件比较难说明，一般读者也较难弄清，在这裡就不多加细究。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">下图中，左边就是经过电路布局与绕线后形成的电路图，在前面已经知道每种颜色便代表一张光罩。右边则是将每张光罩摊开的样子。制作是，便由底层开始，依循上一篇 IC 芯片的制造中所提的方法，逐层制作，最后便会产生期望的芯片了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/a692d5b7bca14c36b28ac3750cfffba2\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"353\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">至此，对于 IC 设计应该有初步的了解，整体看来就很清楚 IC 设计是一门非常复杂的专业，也多亏了电脑辅助软体的成熟，让 IC 设计得以加速。IC 设计厂十分依赖工程师的智慧，这裡所述的每个步骤都有其专门的知识，皆可独立成多门专业的课程，像是撰写硬体描述语言就不单纯的只需要熟悉程式语言，还需 要了解逻辑电路是如何运作、如何将所需的演算法转换成程式、合成软体是如何将程式转换成逻辑闸等问题。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">二、什么是晶圆?</span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在半导体的新闻中，总是会提到以尺寸标示的晶圆厂，如 8 寸或是 12 寸晶圆厂，然而，所谓的晶圆到底是什么东西?其中 8 寸指的是什么部分?要产出大尺寸的晶圆制造又有什么难度呢?以下将逐步介绍半导体最重要的基础——「晶圆」到底是什么。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">晶圆(wafer)，是制造各式电脑芯片的基础。我们可以将芯片制造比拟成用乐高积木盖房子，藉由一层又一层的堆叠，完成自己期望的造型(也就是各式芯 片)。然而，如果没有良好的地基，盖出来的房子就会歪来歪去，不合自己所意，为了做出完美的房子，便需要一个平稳的基板。对芯片制造来说，这个基板就是接 下来将描述的晶圆。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/91ea9746858f44a0b7208cac48ee7722\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"327\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">(Souse：Flickr/Jonathan Stewart CC BY 2.0)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">首先，先回想一下小时候在玩乐高积木时，积木的表面都会有一个一个小小圆型的凸出物，藉由这个构造，我们可将两块积木稳固的叠在一起，且不需使用胶水。芯片制造，也是以类似这样的方式，将后续添加的原子和基板固定在一起。因此，我们需要寻找表面整齐的基板，以满足后续制造所需的条件。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在固体材料中，有一种特殊的晶体结构──单晶(Monocrystalline)。它具有原子一个接着一个紧密排列在一起的特性，可以形成一个平整的原 子表层。因此，采用单晶做成晶圆，便可以满足以上的需求。然而，该如何产生这样的材料呢，主要有二个步骤，分别为纯化以及拉晶，之后便能完成这样的材料。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">如何制造单晶的晶圆</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">纯化分成两个阶段，第一步是冶金级纯化，此一过程主要是加入碳，以氧化还原的方式，将氧化硅转换成 98% 以上纯度的硅。大部份的金属提炼，像是铁或铜等金属，皆是采用这样的方式获得足够纯度的金属。但是，98% 对于芯片制造来说依旧不够，仍需要进一步提升。因此，将再进一步采用西门子制程(Siemens process)作纯化，如此，将获得半导体制程所需的高纯度多晶硅。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/984b7facacdd42f6a095854544d5a135\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"225\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 硅柱制造流程(Source：Wikipedia)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">接着，就是拉晶的步骤。首先，将前面所获得的高纯度多晶硅融化，形成液态的硅。之后，以单晶的硅种(seed)和液体表面接触，一边旋转一边缓慢的向上 拉起。至于为何需要单晶的硅种，是因为硅原子排列就和人排队一样，会需要排头让后来的人该如何正确的排列，硅种便是重要的排头，让后来的原子知道该如何排 队。最后，待离开液面的硅原子凝固后，排列整齐的单晶硅柱便完成了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/36a9e17ff12e4a0a935af8aa968deb65\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"331\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:124px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"124\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 单晶硅柱(Souse：Wikipedia)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">然而，8寸、12寸又代表什么东西呢?他指的是我们产生的晶柱，长得像铅笔笔桿的部分，表面经过处理并切成薄圆片后的直径。至于制造大尺寸晶圆又有什么 难度呢?如前面所说，晶柱的制作过程就像是在做棉花糖一样，一边旋转一边成型。有制作过棉花糖的话，应该都知道要做出大而且扎实的棉花糖是相当困难的，而 拉晶的过程也是一样，旋转拉起的速度以及温度的控制都会影响到晶柱的品质。也因此，尺寸愈大时，拉晶对速度与温度的要求就更高，因此要做出高品质 12 寸晶圆的难度就比 8 寸晶圆还来得高。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">只是，一整条的硅柱并无法做成芯片制造的基板，为了产生一片一片的硅晶圆，接着需要以钻石刀将硅晶柱横向切成圆片，圆片再经由抛光便可形成芯片制造所需的 硅晶圆。经过这么多步骤，芯片基板的制造便大功告成，下一步便是堆叠房子的步骤，也就是芯片制造。至于该如何制作芯片呢?</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">层层堆叠打造的芯片</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在介绍过硅晶圆是什么东西后，同时，也知道制造 IC 芯片就像是用乐高积木盖房子一样，藉由一层又一层的堆叠，创造自己所期望的造型。然而，盖房子有相当多的步骤，IC 制造也是一样，制造 IC 究竟有哪些步骤?本文将将就 IC 芯片制造的流程做介绍。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在开始前，我们要先认识 IC 芯片是什么。IC，全名积体电路(Integrated Circuit)，由它的命名可知它是将设计好的电路，以堆叠的方式组合起来。藉由这个方法，我们可以减少连接电路时所需耗费的面积。下图为 IC 电路的 3D 图，从图中可以看出它的结构就像房子的樑和柱，一层一层堆叠，这也就是为何会将 IC 制造比拟成盖房子。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/1acc9cbdb2b34720982dcc48970c97f2\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"459\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ IC 芯片的 3D 剖面图。(Source：Wikipedia)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">从上图中 IC 芯片的 3D 剖面图来看，底部深蓝色的部分就是上一篇介绍的晶圆，从这张图可以更明确的知道，晶圆基板在芯片中扮演的角色是何等重要。至于红色以及土黄色的部分，则是于 IC 制作时要完成的地方。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">首先，在这裡可以将红色的部分比拟成高楼中的一楼大厅。一楼大厅，是一栋房子的门户，出入都由这裡，在掌握交通下通常会有较多的机能性。因此，和其他楼 层相比，在兴建时会比较复杂，需要较多的步骤。在 IC 电路中，这个大厅就是逻辑闸层，它是整颗 IC 中最重要的部分，藉由将多种逻辑闸组合在一起，完成功能齐全的 IC 芯片。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">黄色的部分，则像是一般的楼层。和一楼相比，不会有太复杂的构造，而且每层楼在兴建时也不会有太多变化。这一层的目的，是将红色部分的逻辑闸相连在一 起。之所以需要这么多层，是因为有太多线路要连结在一起，在单层无法容纳所有的线路下，就要多叠几层来达成这个目标了。在这之中，不同层的线路会上下相连 以满足接线的需求。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">分层施工，逐层架构</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">知道 IC 的构造后，接下来要介绍该如何制作。试想一下，如果要以油漆喷罐做精细作图时，我们需先割出图形的遮盖板，盖在纸上。接着再将油漆均匀地喷在纸上，待油 漆乾后，再将遮板拿开。不断的重复这个步骤后，便可完成整齐且复杂的图形。制造 IC 就是以类似的方式，藉由遮盖的方式一层一层的堆叠起来。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/e6d9be11b14242adb284be42a15a08bf\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"184\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">制作 IC 时，可以简单分成以上 4 种步骤。虽然实际制造时，制造的步骤会有差异，使用的材料也有所不同，但是大体上皆采用类似的原理。这个流程和油漆作画有些许不同，IC 制造是先涂料再加做遮盖，油漆作画则是先遮盖再作画。以下将介绍各流程。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">金属溅镀：将欲使用的金属材料均匀洒在晶圆片上，形成一薄膜。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">涂布光阻：先将光阻材料放在晶圆片上，透过光罩(光罩原理留待下次说明)，将光束打在不要的部分上，破坏光阻材料结构。接着，再以化学药剂将被破坏的材料洗去。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">蚀刻技术：将没有受光阻保护的硅晶圆，以离子束蚀刻。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">光阻去除：使用去光阻液皆剩下的光阻溶解掉，如此便完成一次流程。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">最后便会在一整片晶圆上完成很多 IC 芯片，接下来只要将完成的方形 IC 芯片剪下，便可送到封装厂做封装，至于封装厂是什么东西?就要待之后再做说明啰。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/04aab21a9e8f48b6bef41457ac5ea1b4\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"367\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 各种尺寸晶圆的比较。(Source：Wikipedia)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">三、纳米制程是什么?</span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">三星以及台积电在先进半导体制程打得相当火热，彼此都想要在晶圆代工中抢得先机以争取订单，几乎成了 14 纳米与 16 纳米之争，然而 14 纳米与 16 纳米这两个数字的究竟意义为何，指的又是哪个部位?而在缩小制程后又将来带来什么好处与难题?以下我们将就纳米制程做简单的说明。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">纳米到底有多细微?</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在开始之前，要先了解纳米究竟是什么意思。在数学上，纳米是 0.000000001 公尺，但这是个相当差的例子，毕竟我们只看得到小数点后有很多个零，却没有实际的感觉。如果以指甲厚度做比较的话，或许会比较明显。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">用尺规实际测量的话可以得知指甲的厚度约为 0.0001 公尺(0.1 毫米)，也就是说试着把一片指甲的侧面切成 10 万条线，每条线就约等同于 1 纳米，由此可略为想像得到 1 纳米是何等的微小了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">知道纳米有多小之后，还要理解缩小制程的用意，缩小电晶体的最主要目的，就是可以在更小的芯片中塞入更多的电晶体，让芯片不会因技术提升而变得更大;其 次，可以增加处理器的运算效率;再者，减少体积也可以降低耗电量;最后，芯片体积缩小后，更容易塞入行动装置中，满足未来轻薄化的需求。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">再回来探究纳米制程是什么，以 14 纳米为例，其制程是指在芯片中，线最小可以做到 14 纳米的尺寸，下图为传统电晶体的长相，以此作为例子。缩小电晶体的最主要目的就是为了要减少耗电量，然而要缩小哪个部分才能达到这个目的?左下图中的 L 就是我们期望缩小的部分。藉由缩小闸极长度，电流可以用更短的路径从 Drain 端到 Source 端(有兴趣的话可以利用 Google 以 MOSFET 搜寻，会有更详细的解释)。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/e6e10cadefed4ceda44235bea8754e61\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"169\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">此外，电脑是以 0 和 1 作运算，要如何以电晶体满足这个目的呢?做法就是判断电晶体是否有电流流通。当在 Gate 端(绿色的方块)做电压供给，电流就会从 Drain 端到 Source 端，如果没有供给电压，电流就不会流动，这样就可以表示 1 和 0。(至于为什么要用 0 和 1 作判断，有兴趣的话可以去查布林代数，我们是使用这个方法作成电脑的)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">尺寸缩小有其物理限制</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">不过，制程并不能无限制的缩小，当我们将电晶体缩小到 20 纳米左右时，就会遇到量子物理中的问题，让电晶体有漏电的现象，抵销缩小 L 时获得的效益。作为改善方式，就是导入 FinFET(Tri-Gate)这个概念，如右上图。在 Intel 以前所做的解释中，可以知道藉由导入这个技术，能减少因物理现象所导致的漏电现象。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/f8a51695b6bb43779462798779cafcf0\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"169\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">更重要的是，藉由这个方法可以增加 Gate 端和下层的接触面积。在传统的做法中(左上图)，接触面只有一个平面，但是采用 FinFET(Tri-Gate)这个技术后，接触面将变成立体，可以轻易的增加接触面积，这样就可以在保持一样的接触面积下让 Source-Drain 端变得更小，对缩小尺寸有相当大的帮助。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">最后，则是为什么会有人说各大厂进入 10 纳米制程将面临相当严峻的挑战，主因是 1 颗原子的大小大约为 0.1 纳米，在 10 纳米的情况下，一条线只有不到 100 颗原子，在制作上相当困难，而且只要有一个原子的缺陷，像是在制作过程中有原子掉出或是有杂质，就会产生不知名的现象，影响产品的良率。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">如果无法想像这个难度，可以做个小实验。在桌上用 100 个小珠子排成一个 10×10 的正方形，并且剪裁一张纸盖在珠子上，接着用小刷子把旁边的的珠子刷掉，最后使他形成一个 10×5 的长方形。这样就可以知道各大厂所面临到的困境，以及达成这个目标究竟是多么艰巨。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">随着三星以及台积电在近期将完成 14 纳米、16 纳米 FinFET 的量产，两者都想争夺 Apple 下一代的 iPhone 芯片代工，我们将看到相当精彩的商业竞争，同时也将获得更加省电、轻薄的手机，要感谢摩尔定律所带来的好处呢。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(2,30,170);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">四、告诉你什么是封装</span></strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">封装，IC 芯片的最终防护与统整</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">经过漫长的流程，从设计到制造，终于获得一颗 IC 芯片了。然而一颗芯片相当小且薄，如果不在外施加保护，会被轻易的刮伤损坏。此外，因为芯片的尺寸微小，如果不用一个较大尺寸的外壳，将不易以人工安置在电路板上。因此，本文接下来要针对封装加以描述介绍。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">目前常见的封装有两种，一种是电动玩具内常见的，黑色长得像蜈蚣的 DIP 封装，另一为购买盒装 CPU 时常见的 BGA 封装。至于其他的封装法，还有早期 CPU 使用的 PGA(Pin Grid Array;Pin Grid Array)或是 DIP 的改良版 QFP(塑料方形扁平封装)等。因为有太多种封装法，以下将对 DIP 以及 BGA 封装做介绍。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">传统封装，历久不衰</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">首先要介绍的是双排直立式封装(Dual Inline Package;DIP)，从下图可以看到采用此封装的 IC 芯片在双排接脚下，看起来会像条黑色蜈蚣，让人印象深刻，此封装法为最早采用的 IC 封装技术，具有成本低廉的优势，适合小型且不需接太多线的芯片。但是，因为大多采用的是塑料，散热效果较差，无法满足现行高速芯片的要求。因此，使用此 封装的，大多是历久不衰的芯片，如下图中的 OP741，或是对运作速度没那么要求且芯片较小、接孔较少的 IC 芯片。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/36c293e950f34405a55c01411797cd67\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"197\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 左图的 IC 芯片为 OP741，是常见的电压放大器。右图为它的剖面图，这个封装是以金线将芯片接到金属接脚(Leadframe)。(Source ：左图 Wikipedia、右图 Wikipedia)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">至于球格阵列(Ball Grid Array，BGA)封装，和 DIP 相比封装体积较小，可轻易的放入体积较小的装置中。此外，因为接脚位在芯片下方，和 DIP 相比，可容纳更多的金属接脚相当适合需要较多接点的芯片。然而，采用这种封装法成本较高且连接的方法较复杂，因此大多用在高单价的产品上。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/2b493625541b4cb5be93328559f5cbd4\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"213\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ 左图为采用 BGA 封装的芯片。右图为使用覆晶封装的 BGA 示意图。(Source：左图 Wikipedia)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">行动装置兴起，新技术跃上舞台</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">然而，使用以上这些封装法，会耗费掉相当大的体积。像现在的行动装置、穿戴装置等，需要相当多种元件，如果各个元件都独立封装，组合起来将耗费非常大的 空间，因此目前有两种方法，可满足缩小体积的要求，分别为 SoC(System On Chip)以及 SiP(System In Packet)。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">在智慧型手机刚兴 起时，在各大财经杂誌上皆可发现 SoC 这个名词，然而 SoC 究竟是什么东西?简单来说，就是将原本不同功能的 IC，整合在一颗芯片中。藉由这个方法，不单可以缩小体积，还可以缩小不同 IC 间的距离，提升芯片的计算速度。至于制作方法，便是在 IC 设计阶段时，将各个不同的 IC 放在一起，再透过先前介绍的设计流程，制作成一张光罩。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">然而，SoC 并非只有优点，要设计一颗 SoC 需要相当多的技术配合。IC 芯片各自封装时，各有封装外部保护，且 IC 与 IC 间的距离较远，比较不会发生交互干扰的情形。但是，当将所有 IC 都包装在一起时，就是噩梦的开始。IC 设计厂要从原先的单纯设计 IC，变成了解并整合各个功能的 IC，增加工程师的工作量。此外，也会遇到很多的状况，像是通讯芯片的高频讯号可能会影响其他功能的 IC 等情形。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">此外，SoC 还需要获得其他厂商的 IP(intellectual property)授权，才能将别人设计好的元件放到 SoC 中。因为制作 SoC 需要获得整颗 IC 的设计细节，才能做成完整的光罩，这同时也增加了 SoC 的设计成本。或许会有人质疑何不自己设计一颗就好了呢?因为设计各种 IC 需要大量和该 IC 相关的知识，只有像 Apple 这样多金的企业，才有预算能从各知名企业挖角顶尖工程师，以设计一颗全新的 IC，透过合作授权还是比自行研发划算多了。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">折衷方案，SiP 现身</span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">作为替代方案，SiP 跃上整合芯片的舞台。和 SoC 不同，它是购买各家的 IC，在最后一次封装这些 IC，如此便少了 IP 授权这一步，大幅减少设计成本。此外，因为它们是各自独立的 IC，彼此的干扰程度大幅下降。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/ac98ce976e504206b6196de1232a5dcb\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"213\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ Apple Watch 采用 SiP 技术将整个电脑架构封装成一颗芯片，不单满足期望的效能还缩小体积，让手錶有更多的空间放电池。(Source：Apple 官网)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">采用 SiP 技术的产品，最着名的非 Apple Watch 莫属。因为 Watch 的内部空间太小，它无法采用传统的技术，SoC 的设计成本又太高，SiP 成了首要之选。藉由 SiP 技术，不单可缩小体积，还可拉近各个 IC 间的距离，成为可行的折衷方案。下图便是 Apple Watch 芯片的结构图，可以看到相当多的 IC 包含在其中。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/83f0ae4058a84da5af36ef9a0f999de4\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" height=\\\"366\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:450px !important;visibility:visible !important\\\" width=\\\"450\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">▲ Apple Watch 中采用 SiP 封装的 S1 芯片内部配置图。(Source：chipworks)</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">完成封装后，便要进入测试的阶段，在这个阶段便要确认封装完的 IC 是否有正常的运作，正确无误之后便可出货给组装厂，做成我们所见的电子产品。至此，半导体产业便完成了整个生产的任务。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;margin-right:8px;margin-left:8px;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:15px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(178,178,178);font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.544px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">声明：本文为转载文章，转载此文目的在于技术交流，版权归原作者所有，如涉及侵权，请联系小编进行处理。</span></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;caret-color:rgb(136,136,136);color:rgb(136,136,136);font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.48355600237846375px;widows:1;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">版权声明：除原创作品外，本平台所使用的文章、图片、视频及音乐属于原权利人所有，因客观原因，或会存在不当使用的情况，如部分文章或文章部分引用内容未能及时与原作者取得联系，或作者名称及原始出处标注错误等情况，非恶意侵犯原权利人相关权益，敬请相关权利人谅解并与我们联系及时处理，共同维护良好的网络创作环境。</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.544px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:24.7273px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAwNDA2MjU2OA==&amp;mid=2650671727&amp;idx=4&amp;sn=2e2309a76e74841403e46c2fb1987432&amp;chksm=833b0668b44c8f7e4d8e21cdf58518db8163285337f6a49745845ba6e8c125f798141ae83499&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:18px;color:rgb(255,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">2019年，半导体人必须关注的5个公众号！</span></a></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.544px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:24.7273px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;margin-top:10.08px;margin-bottom:28.8px;min-height:16px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;border:0 rgb(25,25,25);text-align:center;color:rgb(25,25,25);line-height:30.4px;letter-spacing:0.54px;orphans:2\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:14px\\\">***************END***************</span><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.544px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;text-align:center;color:rgb(62,62,62);word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">半导体行业最火的微社区平台！聚集100万IC从业人员！</strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.544px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;text-align:center;color:rgb(62,62,62);word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;color:rgb(2,30,170)\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">招聘、资讯、求购、专家观点！</strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.544px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;text-align:center;color:rgb(62,62,62);word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.544px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;text-align:center;color:rgb(62,62,62);word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:15px\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">扫描二维码进入微社区</strong></span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.544px;white-space:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:27.2px;text-align:center;color:rgb(62,62,62);word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/a66a3553d247463aa1351abf113a3aeb\\\" type=\\\"image/png\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.png\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:172px !important\\\" width=\\\"auto\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/b0b4cfaa567541b0a11ebf69d5766068\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;visibility:visible !important;width:677px !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;caret-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(255,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">防丢失备用，欢迎关注！</span></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><img src=\\\":/0e0f573970b843358e55d80fbc9c6e8d\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" data-filename=\\\"640.jpg\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;height:auto !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;visibility:visible !important;width:677px !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">芯论推荐大家都在看：</p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:1.4;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484437&amp;idx=2&amp;sn=6c658a19d14c34d69864371e66cd2a2f&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">看完这篇，敢说自己懂芯片了！</span></a></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484501&amp;idx=3&amp;sn=434573596ee371a58ed121d1bf94512b&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:22px;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">光刻机制造难度有多大？看完这篇你就知道了</span></a><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484501&amp;idx=4&amp;sn=123d5960bd84f6489aac7a9896ee2393&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:22px;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">视频揭秘：8寸片工艺制程介绍</span></a><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484484&amp;idx=3&amp;sn=a382d9f92e9ed97dba5b62dfa59afb2c&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:22px;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">Fab厂是做什么的？这个视频一定要看！</span></a><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:1.4;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484420&amp;idx=6&amp;sn=add1c2fb3b73221f4d76372b39d3aa3f&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">从华为危机看：中国尚未掌控的核心技术清单！</span></a></h2><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:1.4;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484381&amp;idx=2&amp;sn=aed1390bd45a47780a0fcf8a0c11664a&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">中国的芯片有多烂！10年工程师告诉你，爱国也要正视差距！</span></a></h2><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:1.4;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484344&amp;idx=6&amp;sn=4fa54c1ce5ec96c8a6cd393eb45e6559&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">细谈芯片究竟有多难造！</span></a></h2><h2 style=\\\"font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:1.4;text-align:start;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484332&amp;idx=3&amp;sn=d1024ea06eaf37e4c6c4eb9680089bda&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-size:17px;color:rgb(255,0,0);text-decoration:underline;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">什么是AI芯片：架构、分类及关键技术</span></a></h2><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><a href=\\\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIyMjY3MzMxMQ==&amp;mid=2247484193&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=ba497682c476c177120218bb84bf3e80&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\\\" style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;color:#576b95;text-decoration:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;text-align:start;font-size:17px;text-decoration:underline;color:rgb(255,0,0);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\">半导体资料！15个G！8千多个文件！学会你能自己建厂！</span></a></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;clear:both;min-height:1em;letter-spacing:0.5440000295639038px;white-space:normal;font-size:15px;caret-color:rgb(104,105,115);color:rgb(104,105,115);text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;font-variant-numeric:normal;letter-spacing:0.54px;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;font-family:微软雅黑;font-size:18px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(234,6,13);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(62,62,62);line-height:25.6px;font-size:20px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(234,6,13);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">你也在看，请点这里↓<strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(62,62,62);line-height:25.6px;font-size:18px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,255,255);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(62,62,62);line-height:25.6px;font-size:20px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(234,6,13);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">↓</span></strong></span></strong><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(62,62,62);line-height:25.6px;font-size:18px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,255,255);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><strong style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(62,62,62);line-height:25.6px;font-size:20px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\"><span style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;color:rgb(255,255,255);background-color:rgb(234,6,13);box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important\\\">↓</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p><p style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;min-height:1em\\\"><br style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100% !important;box-sizing:border-box !important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important\\\"/></p></div></div><ul style=\\\"margin:0;padding:0\\\"></ul></div></div></div></span>\\\n</div></body></html>\\u0000\"]],\"start1\":0,\"start2\":0,\"length1\":0,\"length2\":130129}]"
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updated_time: 2025-11-28T16:20:18.973Z
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